UPMAC: A Localized Load-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic Networks PROJECT TITLE :UPMAC: A Localized Load-Adaptive MAC Protocol for Underwater Acoustic NetworksABSTRACT:Unlike terrestrial networks that mainly rely on radio waves for Communications, underwater networks utilize acoustic waves, that have comparatively lower loss and longer range in underwater environments. However, acoustic waves incurs long propagation delays that typically result in low throughput and better energy cost of transmission than reception. Thus, collision and retransmission should be reduced so as to scale back energy price and improve throughput. Receiver-based protocols, like receiver-initiated packet train and cluster-based on-demand time sharing, will considerably scale back collision and retransmission. But they are either time-consuming or energy consuming as a result of nodes are controlled to turn into receiver mode by control packets or a timer irrespective of load. During this paper, we have a tendency to propose an underwater sensible MAC protocol (UPMAC), whose objective is to be adaptive to the network load conditions by providing 2 modes (high and low load modes) and switching between them based on different offered load. Turn-around time overhead is reduced and it is less vulnerable to regulate packet corruption by using the technique of piggyback. UPMAC uses receiver-primarily based approach in high load mode, leading to an occasional knowledge collision rate in each one-hop and multihop situation. In depth simulations show that UPMAC can achieve better performance in each general and Ocean Swarm topologies. Did you like this research project? To get this research project Guidelines, Training and Code... Click Here facebook twitter google+ linkedin stumble pinterest Portable Electrowetting Digital Microfluidics Analysis Platform for Chemiluminescence Sensing Inorganic Material Detection Based on Electrode Sensor